Artificial intelligence and allied subsets in early detection and preclusion of gynecological cancers.

Gynecological cancers including breast, cervical, ovarian, uterine, and vaginal, pose the greatest threat to world health, with early identification being crucial to patient outcomes and survival rates. The application of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) approaches to the study of gynecological cancer has shown potential to revolutionize cancer detection and diagnosis. The current review outlines the significant advancements, obstacles, and prospects brought about by AI and ML technologies in the timely identification and accurate diagnosis of different types of gynecological cancers. The AI-powered technologies can use genomic data to discover genetic alterations and biomarkers linked to a particular form of gynecologic cancer, assisting in the creation of targeted treatments. Furthermore, it has been shown that the potential benefits of AI and ML technologies in gynecologic tumors can greatly increase the accuracy and efficacy of cancer diagnosis, reduce diagnostic delays, and possibly eliminate the need for needless invasive operations. In conclusion, the review focused on the integrative part of AI and ML based tools and techniques in the early detection and exclusion of various cancer types; together with a collaborative coordination between research clinicians, data scientists, and regulatory authorities, which is suggested to realize the full potential of AI and ML in gynecologic cancer care.

Pollen layering and male-male competition: Quantum dots demonstrate that pollen grains compete for space on pollinators.

PREMISE: Almost nothing is known about what happens to pollen grains once they attach to pollinators, although some have postulated that pollen from different donors may form complex, two- or three-dimensional landscapes (e.g., layers or mosaics) that can facilitate male-male competition. For example, pollen that is already on pollinators may preclude the deposition of subsequent pollen grains. METHODS: Using quantum dots to mark the pollen of individual flowers, we explored the possibilities of layering and preclusion in a fly-pollinated iris, Moraea lurida. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of labeled pollen from the last flower visited diminished in sequential pollen samples taken from the top to the bottom of the pollen load, representing the first empirical evidence for pollen layering. However, the consequences in terms of pollen preclusion were equivocal: Although the pre-existing pollen load size was not a good predictor of new pollen receipt, labeled pollen loads from the last flower visited were significantly smaller than pollen loads from the previous flower visited. Thus, pollen from the previous flower may preclude pollen placement from a subsequently visited flower, and pollen from different flowers may compete for space on pollinators.

Cognitive computing technological trends and future research directions in healthcare - A systematic literature review.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Cognitive Computing systems are the intelligent systems that thinks, understands and augments the capabilities of human brain by blending the technologies of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing. In recent days, maintenance or enhancement of health by preclusion, prognosis, and analysis of diseases has become a challenging task. The increasing diseases and its causes becomes a big question before humanity. Limited risk analysis, meticulous training process, and automated critical decision-making are some of the issues of cognitive computing. To overcome this issue, cognitive computing in healthcare works like a medical prodigy which anticipates the disease or illness of the human being and helps the doctors with technological facts to take the timely action. The main aim of this survey article is to explore the present and futuristic technological trends of cognitive computing in healthcare. In this work, different cognitive computing applications are reviewed, and the best application is recommended to the clinicians. Based on this recommendation, the clinicians are able to monitor and analyze the physical health of patients. METHODS: This article presents the systematic literature on the different aspects of cognitive computing in healthcare. Nearly seven online databases such as SCOPUS, IEEE Xplore, Google Scholar, DBLP, Web of Science, Springer and PubMed were screened and the published articles related to cognitive computing in healthcare is collected from 2014 to 2021. In total, 75 articles were selected, examined and their pros and cons are analyzed. The analysis is done with respect to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. RESULTS: The basic findings of this review article and their significance for theory and practice are mindmaps portraying the cognitive computing platforms, cognitive applications in healthcare, and use cases of cognitive computing in healthcare. A detailed discussion section highlighting the present issues, future research directions and recent applications of cognitive computing in healthcare. Accuracy analysis of different cognitive systems conclude that the Medical Sieve achieves 0.95 and Watson For Oncology (WFO) achieves 0.93 and hence proves to be the prominent computing systems for healthcare. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive computing, an evolving technology in healthcare augments the clinical thought process and enable the doctors to make the right diagnosis and preserve the patient's health in good condition. These systems provides timely care, optimal and cost-effective treatment. This article provides an extensive survey of the importance of cognitive computing in the health sector by highlighting the platforms, techniques, tools, algorithms, applications, and use cases. This survey also explores about the works in the literature on present issues and proposes the future research directions of applying cognitive systems in healthcare.

Cognitive Testing in Patients with CKD: The Problem of Missing Cases.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cognitive testing is only valid in individuals with sufficient visual and motor skills and motivation to participate. Patients on dialysis usually suffer from limitations, such as impaired vision, motor difficulties, and depression. Hence, it is doubtful that the true value of cognitive functioning can be measured without bias. Consequently, many patients are excluded from cognitive testing. We focused on reasons for exclusion and analyzed characteristics of nontestable patients. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS & MEASUREMENTS: Within the Choice of Renal Replacement Therapy Project (baseline survey: May 2014 to May 2015), n=767 patients on peritoneal dialysis (n=240) or hemodialysis (n=527) were tested with the Trail Making Test-B and the German d2-Revision Test and completed the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form cognition subscale. We divided the sample into patients with missing cognitive testing data and patients with full cognitive testing data, analyzed reasons for nonfeasibility, and compared subsamples with regard to psychosocial and physical metrics. The exclusion categories were linked to patient characteristics potentially associated with missing data (age, comorbidity, depression, and education level) by calculation of λ-coefficient. RESULTS: The subsamples consisted of n=366 (48%) patients with missing data (peritoneal dialysis =62, hemodialysis =304) and n=401 patients with full cognitive testing data (peritoneal dialysis =178, hemodialysis =223). Patients were excluded due to visual impairment (49%), lack of motivation (31%), and motor impairment (13%). The remaining 8% did not follow instructions, suffered from medical incidents, or had language difficulties. Compared with patients with full cognitive testing data, they were more likely to have depression; be treated with hemodialysis; be older, nonworking, or more comorbid; and experience poorer shared decision making. Reasons for exclusion were not related to levels of age, comorbidity score, depression score, or education level. CONCLUSIONS: We excluded almost one half of eligible patients from cognitive testing due to visual, motivational, or motor difficulties. Our findings are consistent with exclusion categories reported from the literature. We should be aware that, because of disease-related limitations, conclusions about cognitive functioning in the CKD population may be biased. In the future, nonvisual and nonverbal cognitive testing can be a valuable resource.

Subjetividad y derecho: problemáticas subjetivas del contexto jurídico forense / Subjectivity and law: issues of subjectivity in the forensic and legal context

La interrogación sobre la eficacia de las operaciones jurídicas en sus entornos institucionales formulada desde la perspectiva de la Subjetividad revela las Problemáticas Subjetivas que allí habitan tanto en quienes son sus objetos de captura, los Usuarios, como en quienes llevan a cabo los procedimientos, los Operadores jurídicos. Es que mediante ese tratamiento los sujetos quedan abandonados a la condición de objetos de procedimiento y a las vicisitudes que tal les impone; la diferencia entre la gestión objetalizada de la operación jurídica y la subjetividad reclamada por los sujetos en sus demandas judiciales es de muy difícil resolución mediante estos dispositivos. Esa borradura de la subjetividad no ocurre sin costo: los efectos de ese forzamiento impactan en los Operadores jurídicos produciendo dolor existencial y un rechazo a la “causa” de ese malestar: los Usuarios o “clientes, a quienes colocan en condición de objeto de un “mal” trato conocido y padecido por el entorno clientelar. El sufrimiento de las Problemáticas Subjetivas estructuralmente precluidas atraviesa todo el sistema poniendo en cuestión su eficacia para resolver las situaciones vitales que presentan los litigios y la capacidad para llevar a cabo el objetivo institucional de poner orden jurídico a los conflictos y hacer Justicia.

The questioning about the effectiveness of legal operations in institutional contexts, formulated from the perspective of Subjectivity, reveals the Subjective Problems that lie therein, in those who are objects of apprehension, the Users, as well as in those who carry out the procedures, the legal Operators. This is because by way of this treatment, subjects become mere objects of the procedures and encounter the difficulties imposed by such condition. The solution to the difference between the objectualizedaction of the legal operation and the subjectivity claimed by subjects in their legal requests proves to be very difficult through these mechanisms. This deletion of subjectivity has a price: this forcing affects legal Operators, causing existential pain and rejection of the ‘cause’ of this unease: the Users, who become the objects of ‘poor’ treatment, known and suffered by their environment. The suffering of the subjective issues, which are structurally precluded, is present in all the system, questioning its effectiveness to solve the fundamental plights presented by disputes and the ability to carry out the institutional aim of imposing legal order to conflicts and administering justice.

Subjetividad y derecho: problemáticas subjetivas del contexto jurídico forense / Subjectivity and law: issues of subjectivity in the forensic and legal context

La interrogación sobre la eficacia de las operaciones jurídicas en sus entornos institucionales formulada desde la perspectiva de la Subjetividad revela las Problemáticas Subjetivas que allí habitan tanto en quienes son sus objetos de captura, los Usuarios, como en quienes llevan a cabo los procedimientos, los Operadores jurídicos. Es que mediante ese tratamiento los sujetos quedan abandonados a la condición de objetos de procedimiento y a las vicisitudes que tal les impone; la diferencia entre la gestión objetalizada de la operación jurídica y la subjetividad reclamada por los sujetos en sus demandas judiciales es de muy difícil resolución mediante estos dispositivos. Esa borradura de la subjetividad no ocurre sin costo: los efectos de ese forzamiento impactan en los Operadores jurídicos produciendo dolor existencial y un rechazo a la ôcausaö de ese malestar: los Usuarios o ôclientes, a quienes colocan en condición de objeto de un ômalö trato conocido y padecido por el entorno clientelar. El sufrimiento de las Problemáticas Subjetivas estructuralmente precluidas atraviesa todo el sistema poniendo en cuestión su eficacia para resolver las situaciones vitales que presentan los litigios y la capacidad para llevar a cabo el objetivo institucional de poner orden jurídico a los conflictos y hacer Justicia.(AU)

The questioning about the effectiveness of legal operations in institutional contexts, formulated from the perspective of Subjectivity, reveals the Subjective Problems that lie therein, in those who are objects of apprehension, the Users, as well as in those who carry out the procedures, the legal Operators. This is because by way of this treatment, subjects become mere objects of the procedures and encounter the difficulties imposed by such condition. The solution to the difference between the objectualizedaction of the legal operation and the subjectivity claimed by subjects in their legal requests proves to be very difficult through these mechanisms. This deletion of subjectivity has a price: this forcing affects legal Operators, causing existential pain and rejection of the æcauseÆ of this unease: the Users, who become the objects of æpoorÆ treatment, known and suffered by their environment. The suffering of the subjective issues, which are structurally precluded, is present in all the system, questioning its effectiveness to solve the fundamental plights presented by disputes and the ability to carry out the institutional aim of imposing legal order to conflicts and administering justice. (AU)